Background and Objective: The issue of marital infidelity in Iranian society is a growing concern which is accompanied to unsustainable relationships and high divorce rates. The present study aimed to study the psychometric properties of the Persian version of marital infidelity questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-psychometric research in which 400 university students of AzarbaiijanShahidMadani University were selected by stratified random sampling method and were studied. The data were analyzed using a confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis (analysis of main components with varimax rotation), multivariate analysis of variance. Results: analysis of factors were performed using the internal consistency method as well as re-test for the reliability of the present questionnaire. For Validity, a confirmatory factor analysis was used, results suggested consistent and accurate relationship between the components of this questionnaire. The internal consistency of questionnaires by Cronbach's alpha for the components including legitimacy, seduction, normalization, sexual orientation, social context, and excitement were 0. 79, 0. 75, 0. 54, 0. 79, 0. 71, 0. 79 respectively and for the whole questionnaire was0. 91. The reliability was calculated obtained by two-half method for all scales as 0. 81(r=0. 81) Conclusion: In sum, the results of the research confirmed Validity of the Persian form of the Marital Infidelity Questionnaire, which indicates that Marital Infidelity Questionnaire is a reliable and Valid instrument as well as it can be used in clinical and research setting. Therefore, the current questionnaire has an appropriate reliability and Validity for using by researchers and specialists.

The purpose of this research is to provide a new concept in Aristotelian categorical syllogism which is called groundability. A Valid mood is called groundable if one would derive all the 24 Valid moods in the Aristotelian’ s syllogism by assuming only the Valid mood and applying a chain of the following rules: simple conversion, reduction-ad-absurdum, sub-alternation, obversion and quantification negation. In this paper, we will prove that only the fifteen Valid moods have the groundability property. Because Aristotle proves all the Valid moods of other figures based on the four moods in the first figure, he considers these moods of the first figure as moods having the groundability property. We show that the groundability is not restricted to the first Valid moods of the first figure--they are fifteen moods as stated. Thus, it can be shown that Aristotle's purpose from the self-evidence of the first figure is not the groundability of the four moods in the first figure. This important logical result in Aristotle's system is gained through the introducing the concept of the groundability of the moods in syllogism. We show that unlike the common view in the Aristotelian tradition, it is not the case that the groundability of the first figure must be the basis for explaining of being self-evidence of the four moods of the first figure. Regardless of what lies behind the evidence of the first figure Valid moods, this paper will eliminate one of the options which is somehow a common wrong interpretation for answering the problem

Intermediate quantifiers are expressions of natural language, for example “most, almost all, many, a few” using which we quantify a number of some objects in a given universe. We have shown in [23] that all Valid syllogisms with intermediate  quantifiers are a consequence of only two algebraic inequalities and one equality. The result was obtained in the formalism  of Lukasiewicz fuzzy type theory whose truth values form a linearly ordered complete MV-algebra. In this paper we will  prove that the same holds if we replace MV-algebra by a much more general IEQ-algebra (involutive EQ-algebra).

Objective: Delivering bad news is the duty of specialist physicians. However, they find it very difficult due to insufficient experience. In this study, the way faculty and residents of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) delivered bad news to the patients was investigated. Method: This study was conducted at hospitals affiliated to GUMS during 2017. A questionnaire containing 18 items on environmental and psychical support was filled through a face to face interview. The first 10 questions evaluated psychical support and the next eight environmental supports. The scoring of each question ranged from 10 to 50, with 10 indicating “ never” and 50 “ always” . Results: According to the analysis of 235 questionnaires, only 32 (13. 6%) of the participants had been taught to deliver bad news and 195(83%) felt they need educational courses. Also, 40 (17%) believed that they had enough ability to deliver these massages. No significant differences were observed among physicians who had taken teaching courses in breaking bad news to patients. Conclusion: This study revealed that educational courses to improve physicians’ communication skill to break bad news to patients are strongly warranted.

Introduction: Evaluation of university faculty members which is aimed to improve teaching quality is performed through several methods. One of the most common and conflicting methods is faculty evaluation by students. This method is commonly used in most universities in spite of controversy over its Validity. This paper presents a glance at the current research literature on the viewpoints of faculty members toward their evaluation by students.Methods: This study is a literature review performed using library studies and electronic databases. First, 64 articles in the area of faculty member evaluation were studied. Out of these articles, 42 ones were selected which met the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria encompassed articles related to teacher evaluation, faculty members, and students’ viewpoints toward teaching approaches of faculties, teachers’ characteristics, classroom management, teachers’ communication skills and their relationship with students.Using the keywords of evaluation, student, faculty member, and university, we searched in journals such as Iranian Journal of Medical Education, Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education, Knowledge and Research in Education, and other specialized journals in medical education area. Using scientific search engines such as Iran Medex, Magiran, SID, PubMed, Google Scholar, ISC, Medline, and Scopus the articles published or indexed between 1991 and 2010 were retrieved. Other papers which evaluated teachers and faculty members from other aspects or via other viewpoints were excluded.Results: The results were presented in three parts as “proponent to faculty evaluation by students”, “opponent”, and “teaching conditions affecting teacher evaluation by students”. The results showed that evaluation of teaching process must consider six aspects of content, students’ learning, classroom behavior, curriculum and materials, knowledge of faculty member, student characteristics (including material, students with high or low background, and postgraduate students), self-evaluation by the faculty member, evaluation by colleagues, educational administrators, and educational consultants and it must be compatible to organizational goals.Conclusion: The viewpoints of most faculty members of national universities and other countries states that they basically consider evaluation by their students as a valuable and reliable source of information for feedback to teachers in order to improve the quality of education. But, they believe that interventional factors should be identified and considered in this method. They also believed that teacher evaluation by students should be a part of comprehensive evaluation system of faculty members. But if the evaluation results are going to be utilized in commendation and promotion of faculty members, it would be better to employ other evaluation methods comprehensively.